What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia?

What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia?

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“a group of disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal form of hemoglobin—hemoglobin S (HbS)—within the erythrocytes,” according to the definition of sickle cell disease (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2013, p. 1063). It is a disease that is inherited from at least one of the parents. Sickle cell disease is a chronic illness that can be treated. Sickle cell disease is classified into three types: sickle cell anemia, sickle cell-thalassemia disease, and sickle cell-HbC disease. There’s even the sickle cell trait, in which a person can be a carrier after inheriting the HB S from one parent. Those who are merely carriers, on the other hand, rarely experience clinical problems. Sickle cell anemia is a normocytic-normochormic anemia, or NNA, defined as “erythrocytes that are relatively normal in size and hemoglobin content but insufficient in number” (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2013, p. 993).

There are five types of NNAs, including the hereditary hemolytic type, which causes sickle cell anemia due to eryptosis, or the destruction of erythrocytes through cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, or proteas activation (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2013, p. 993). Sickle cell anemia is the most common and severe form of sickle cell disease (NHBLI, 2014). It is estimated that between 70,000 and 100,000 Americans suffer from sickle cell anemia, with African ancestry being the most common. While sickle cell disease has a high morbidity rate, more than 90% of diagnosed children survive into adulthood; however, their lifespan is reduced (NHBLI, 2014). Every newborn born in a hospital in the United States is screened for sickle cell disease. This is accomplished through a simple blood test that examines the hemoglobin levels in the body.

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1.What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia?
Sickle cell anemia (SCA), the most prevailing and serious variant of sickle cell as a consequence of a genetic transmutation in the beta

What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia
What is the etiology of sickle cell anemia

chain of hemoglobin, which can cause the generation of sickle cell hemoglobin S (HbS) (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017). SCA is inherited in an autosomal recessive method, meaning that affected persons acquire the hemoglobin S DNA segment from both parents (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017). Persons who acquire the hemoglobin genetic factor from one parent and a normal hemoglobin DNA segment from the other parent will have SCA trait; persons with SCA trait are usually asymptomatic but may transfer the mutation to their children (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017).

Even though SCA and SCA trait occurs mainly in individuals who are of African descent, individuals with Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Caribbean and Australian Indian ancestry may have SCA and sickle cell trait (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017). Sickle cell trait develops in three hundred million people globally, in 30-40 percent of individuals in sub-Sahara Africa, and 8 percent of Black Americans. More than seventy thousand individuals in the United States have SCA and an approximately, two thousand infants are born with SCA yearly (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017). The incidence of SCA is 1 in 500 Black Americans at birth (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2013). Life span is 42 years for men and 48 years for women; frequent causes of death include infection, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and kidney failure. Pain is the major cause of hospital admissions among adults with SCA (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017). Every year in the United States, has an estimated 75,000 hospitalizations due to SCA-related complications and expenditures are approximately $500 million (Kato, Steinberg & Gladwin, 2017).