Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Write a 1500-2000 word APA formatted essay of the following topics: Explain the pathogenesis with common clinical presentation of celiac’s disease Analyze the pathophysiology Crohn’s disease and relate genetic issues Differentiate between hepatitis A, B, C, and viral hepatitis Elaborate on the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer Complete Case Study #26 (nausea and vomiting) in the Bruyere textbook
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Crohns disease is a kind of lifestyle disease. Crohns disease is also known as regional enterities. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease is different with ulcerative colitis which is another common type of inflammatory bowel disease.The differences between the two illness is the area that affected in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Crohn’s disease affects the end of small bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the end of the rectum. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Diagram 1 – Regions that are affected by

ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

There are 700,000 Americans may affected Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which runs in some families. If there is anyone of your relatives have this disease, your family members will have a significantly increased in chance of getting Crohn’s disease.The risk of developing this disease will increase when your parents have inflammatory bowel disease. Related members of the family of the affected individuals will be at higher risk. The percentage of getting Crohn’s for males and females are 50% respectively. The ratio of getting this disease for smokers and non- smokers is two to one. This disease can occur at any age but it is more prevalent among teenagers and young adults. The range of the age is between 15 and 35. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

The exact cause of Crohn’s disease is unknown. Crohn’s disease is more common in developed countries. It is an autoimmune disorder which is a condition that occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In short, the body over-reacts to normal bacteria in the intestines. Immunological and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals are the causes of the disease. The interaction between environmental is one of the cause of the Crohn’s disease. Crohn’s disease has traditionally been described as an autoimmune disease, but recent investigators have described it as an immune deficiency state.

Diagram1- Distribution of Crohn’s Disease in the intestinal tract

Crohn’s disease can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. 50 % of the Illeocolic Crohn’s will occur in both the ileum and the large intestine. 30% of the Crohn’s ileitis will occur on illeum only, while the Crohn’s colitis, that manifest the large intestine, accounts for the remaining 20%.

Diagram 2 – Affected region by Crohn’s disease

Crohns’ disease can be categorized by the behaviour of disease as it progresses. There are three categories of diseasee presentation in Crohn’s disease they are stricturing, penetrating and inflammatory. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or changes in the calliber of the faeces. Penetrating disease creates abnormal passageways between bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammation disease causes inflammation without causing strictures or fistule. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Crohn’s disease is a kind of chronic disease. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body’s immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. During this period, the patient may not be aware of the symptoms at all. Crohn’s disease affects any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

Diagram : Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohn’s Disease affects Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohn’s Disease affects

The primarily symptom of Crohn’s disease are pain in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea which may or may be bloody especially for those who have had surgery. The nature of the diarrhea in the disease depends on the part of the small intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typically results in large-volume and watery faeces while the colitis may result in a smaller volume of faeces but with high frequency. The faecal consistency can be range from solid state to watery. There are several cases which the patients have more than 20 bowel movements per day at any time. We can see the bleeding n the faeces in Crohn’s colitis.Bloody bowel movements are continuous and it can be in bright or dark red in colour. Flatulence and bloating will cause more the intestinal discomfort. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

Fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. It may also cause the complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, anemia, fistula, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration. Constipation may occur also. Children who have this disease may have growth problems.

Symptoms

Crohn’s disease

Defecation

Often porridge- like, sometime steatorrhea

Tenesmus

Less common

Fever

Common

Fistulae

Common

Weight loss

Often

Table 1 – The common symptoms in Crohns’ disease

In Crohn disease the maximum damage to the intestine occurs beneath the mucosa, and lymphoid conglomerations, known as granulomata, are formed in the submucosa. In addition, Crohn disease attacks the perianal tissues more often than does ulcerative colitis. Crohn disease is diagnosed by a combination of methods, including blood and stool analysis and colonoscopy. Diagnosis may be confirmed by other methods, such as barium enema, which uses X-rays to examine the intestine following rectal insertion of a liquid barium contrast agent, and capsule endoscopy, which examines the intestines via a pill-sized video camera that is swallowed by the patient and transmits images to sensors attached to the patient’s body as it passes through the digestive tract. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease

The effect of the Crohn’s disease can be problematic during pregnancy. This is because some medications can cause undesirable outcome to the foetus or mother.Certain medication will reduce the production of sperms or may affect man’s ability to conceive. Preventive measures are taken through consultation with obstetrician and gastroenterologist.

Crohn’s disease can be diagnosed through stool tests, blood tests, biopsy, sigmoidoscopy (used to investigate the lower bowel), colonoscopy, endoscopy, Barium enema X-ray, Barium meal X-ray and CT scans. X-ray pictures of the abdomen then show the inside of the bowel more clearly. Barium appears white on X-rays. Although there are so many tests, none of them require a general anesthetic. They are generally carried out as out-patient procedures so the patient does not need to stay in hospital overnight. Assignment: Pathophysiology Crohn’s Disease