Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Essay

Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease also known as IBD is an autoimmune condition which is majorly characterized by chronic inflammation of the colon, the small intestines or both. IBD may be in the form of Ulcerative Colitis or Crohn’s disease (Huether & McCance, 2017). While ulcerative colitis is confined in the large intestine or colon, Crohn’s disease can involve any part of the GI tract starting from the mouth to the anus and those affected may have fluctuating periods of remissions and exacerbations. The process of inflammatory response is often triggered by losing immune tolerance to normal antigens of the intestinal tract which triggers the activation of cells (Matsuoka & Kanai, 2015). Following this activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines in the form of interleukins and tumor necrosis factor may result in inflammation and cause further damage to the epithelium of the intestinal tract. Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Essay

Pathophysiology of Psoriasis

            Psoriasis is undoubtedly an autoimmune disease that is caused by an immune system which is overactive.  It involves the nails, the skin, and scalp. The process of inflammatory response begins when dendritic T cells and macrophages release inflammatory mediators of interleukins, interferon, cytokines and tumor necrosis factor (Benjegerdes et al., 2016). These mediators increase the vasculature of the dermis and facilitate the process of cell metabolism resulting in the hyperproliferation of skin cells. In normal circumstances, epidermal regeneration often takes between two-three weeks (Huether & McCance, 2017). However, in individuals with psoriasis, epidermal regeneration reduces approximately 3-4 days. This means that the processes of keratinization and cell maturation is omitted, resulting in a thickness of the skin and the formation of a silvery scaly plaque (Benjegerdes et al., 2016). Some examples of psoriasis include pustular, guttate, plaque and erythrodermic. Each of these forms can manifest in the mild to severe forms.Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Essay

Differences between the Maladaptive and Physiological Responses of IBD and Psoriasis

Psoriasis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases are autoimmune inflammatory diseases which have courses that are remitting and relapsing. The process of the inflammatory response in patients with IBD  results from losing immune tolerance to normal antigens in the intestines which then trigger activation of T cells resulting to the destruction of the intestinal epithelium(Matsuoka & Kanai, 2015). In psoriasis, what causes an inflammatory response are cytokines, making the blood vessels to expand and release more cells of the immune to various body parts. The final result is extensive damage to the normal cells of the epidermis hence the scaly, red itchy patches called plaques (Benjegerdes et al., 2016).  In patients with psoriasis arthritis, this inflammatory response occurs inside the body resulting in tendons and joints which are tender and swollen. Maladaptive Responses to Immune Disorders Essay