LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

THIS IS THE QUESTION TO ANSWER:Post a cohesive response that addresses the following questions: What are the researchable populations in your area of practice? Which would be most appropriate for use in your research study? What are the challenges of obtaining a sample from this population? How could you address those challenges? What approach would you use to collect data from the sample? Provide a rationale for the approach you choose based on this week’s Learning Resources. THIS IS THE TEACHER SAMPLE FOR HELP:This week you are talking about populations. An easy way to work on this is to consider Inclusion versus exclusion criteria. For example: Inclusion: Males and Females 18-65 years of age transported by CCATT from Iraq and Afghanistan to Landsthul, Germany and/or CONUS Active Duty, Reserve, Contractors and Civilian Civil Service (GS) Exclusion: Children and young adults age 17 to birth Vulnerable populations: Pregnant, mentally challenged, insurgents, local civilians, prisoners Patients not transferred by CCATT These are just some of my variables used to select my research population 🙂 Dr. M THIS IS THE PROBLEM , TOPIC YOU HAVE TO FOLLOW IN ORDER TO ANSWER TO QUESTIONS: Problem: In the ongoing battle to effectively combat the opioid epidemic with multimodal pain therapy, a clear-cut standard for the delivery of lidocaine for intra and post-operative pain control has not been established. Over the past 20 years, the number of opioid prescriptions and resulting overdoses has increased nearly four times. There are multiple physical side effects such as respiratory depression and apnea, falls resulting in fractures, disruption of the immune responses, increased risk for a heart attack or failure, in addition to the social dysfunction associated with the improper use of opioids. Young women with a prior history of a tendency toward dependency, history of physiological problems, or chronic pain disorders are at particularly high risk. Abdominal or large orthopedic procedures have also shown an increased incidence of postoperative narcotic use for greater than 12 months, but few studies look specifically at surgery on the spine (Dunn, et al., 2018) The addition of a continuous infusion of lidocaine for control of surgical pain is gaining traction in the research community, but while studies are promising, they vary on supporting evidence for specific procedures. Run at relatively low rates, the mechanism by which lidocaine not only decreases post-operative pain but also reduces nausea and shortens the inpatient stay is unclear, but this may simply be a side-effect of the reduction of opioid requirements (Dunn & Durieux, 2017). From studies using intraoperative IV lidocaine for abdominal surgery, a dose of 1.5-3 mg/kg/hr seems to correlate to reduced use of opioids for pain in the post-operative period. While there is some potential for lidocaine toxicity, it is rarely seen, and other benefits such as reduction in the incidence of developing an ileus and improved ventilator effort in those patients with respiratory issues make the use of lidocaine for spine surgery promising (Dunn & Durieux, 2017). A retrospective study analyzing 1477 patient records, completed recently by Dunn et al. (2018), looked at the presence and extent of risk factors commonly seen with chronic opioid use after spinal surgery. Also, it compared post-operative opioid use when patients were given a narcotic based anesthesia to a multi-modal approach using either Ketamine or lidocaine. Over 70% of the patient’s records indicated opioid use before surgery. Also, they were four times more likely to remain on opioids over a year later. Unfortunately, while many studies have shown a reduction of opioid use in the immediate post-operative period, these authors discovered no evidence that the addition of ketamine or lidocaine would decrease the long-term use of opioids. Dunn, L. K., & Durieux, M. E. (2017, April). Perioperative Use of Intravenous Lidocaine. Anesthesiology, 729-737. Dunn, L. K., Yerra, S., Fang, S., Hanak, M. F., Leibowitz, M. K., Nemergut, E. C., & Naik, B. I. (2018, July). Incidence and Risk Factors for Chronic Postoperative Opioid Use After Major Spine Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study With Longitudinal Outcome. (H. T. Benzon, Ed.) Anesthesia & Analgesia, 127(1), 247-254. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003338 PLEASE USE SOURCES NOT OLDER THAN 5 YEARS, SHE IS VERY DIFFICULT NOW I WILL SHOW YOU SAMPLE FROM A STUDENT BUT DIFFERENT TOPIC; Levels of Measurement In addressing the issue of shortage of nurses, the relevant research questions formulated using PICO (problem/patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) that describe the four elements of a good clinical question include the following. A vague question to start with is what the impact of short staffing of nurses to health care institutions is? The research is interested in the patients, attended by an adequate number of nurses, rather than few nurses to reduce drug administration errors. Therefore the research question is: In a health care institution, how is effective, adequate staffing of nurses rather than short staffing of nurses at preventing drug administration errors and improving quality of care? Independent and Dependent Variables The two main variables in an experiment include the dependent and independent variable. While dependent variables are variables that are being measured and tested in scientific experiment, independent variables are the variable that is controlled or changed in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable (Poit & Beck, 2010). In the case of the issue of short staffing of nurses the independent variables, include staffing variables such as a total number of nurses in a healthcare institution. The dependent variables include the changes in a number of drug administration errors (that is, the decrease in the cases of the drug administration errors reported). The second outcome variable under depended variables includes the changes in the quality of care as per the feedback from the patients. Level of measurements The independent variables are a total number of nurses in healthcare institutions and can be measured using metric measurement. In the metric measurement, each subject’s score is a number that can be an integer or a fraction, and in this case, the number of the nurse is an integer. The dependent variables include changes in some drug administration errors and changes in the quality of care. The changes in a number of drug administration errors can be measured using both metric and ordinal measurements. Ordinal measurements include subjects scores fall into a few categories that can be ordered (Corbin, Strauss & Strauss, 2014). Considerations of analyzing data To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study designed to examine the longitudinal associations among nurse staffing changes in drug administration errors and patient outcomes at the trend and seasonal levels healthcare institutions. Using an aggregation and grouping approach, I will be able to capture important associations of patient outcomes and staffing at both trend and seasonal levels while including units with various missing data structures into analyses. The dependent variable was changed in drug administration errors and patient outcome. It should be noted that this statement in the proposed research gives the conceptual variable. It is mutual to measure dependent variable on the metric and ordinal scale. The groups being associated are two distinct groups, so they are independent, not paired. However, both groups are likely compared in a post-test and pretest of dependent variables intensity to evaluate changes, and this independent variable is a metric measure. Advantages or challenges Various advantages and challenges might be encountered in the statistical analysis of each variable. For instance, while is it easy to identify the number of nurses in a healthcare institution and measuring the level of change in drug administration error it is a challenging to measure the outcome related to improves quality of care. Therefore, the main challenges include determining the most appropriate statistical analysis for those data and interpreting the data generated by the variable (Eisenlohr, 2013). PLEASE FOLLOW THIS SAMPLE I APPRECIATE