describe the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular skeletal system and energy systems

describe the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular skeletal system and energy systems

Unit 2: The Physiology of Fitness

Guided Learning Hours: 30

Unit Content

1 Know the body’s response to acute exercise

Musculoskeletal response: increased blood supply; increase in muscle pliability; increased range of movement; muscle fibre micro tears

Energy systems: phosphocreatine; lactic acid; aerobic; energy continuum; energy requirements of different sport and exercise activities

Cardiovascular response: heart rate anticipatory response; activity response; increased blood pressure; vasoconstriction; vasodilation

Respiratory: increase in breathing rate (neural and chemical control); increased tidal volume

2 Know the long-term effects of exercise on the body systems

Cardiovascular system: cardiac hypertrophy; increase in stroke volume; increase in cardiac output, decrease in resting heart rate; capillarisation; increase in blood volume; reduction in resting blood pressure; decreased recovery time; increased aerobic fitness

Muscular system: hypertrophy; increase in tendon strength; increase in myoglobin stores; increased number of mitochondria; increased storage of glycogen and fat; increased muscle strength; increased tolerance to lactic acid

Skeletal system: increase in bone calcium stores; increased stretch in ligaments; increased thickness of hyaline cartilage; increased production of synovial fluid

Respiratory system: increased vital capacity; increase in minute ventilation; increased strength of respiratory muscles; increase in oxygen diffusion rate

Energy systems: increased aerobic and anaerobic enzymes; increased use of fats as an energy source

3 Be able to investigate the physiological effects of exercise on the body systems

Types of exercise: eg aerobic, resistance, circuit, interval

Methods of investigation: comparison of pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise physiological readings, eg resting heart rate, exercise heart rate, percent heart rate maximum, percent heart rate reserve maximum, Rating of Perceived Exertion, blood pressure, flexibility tests, spirometry

Review: effects of exercise on the body systems (acute and long-term); pre-exercise, exercise and post-exercise physiological data; practicality of exercise activities selected; advantages and disadvantages; strengths and areas for improvement

Grading criteria
To achieve a pass grade the evidence must
show that the learner is able to:

To achieve a merit grade the evidence must
show that, in addition to the pass criteria,

the learner is able to:

To achieve a distinction grade the evidence
must show that, in addition to the pass and

merit criteria, the learner is able to:

P1 describe the musculoskeletal
and energy systems response

to acute exercise

M1 explain the response
of the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular and respiratory

systems to acute exercise

P2 describe the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems responses

to acute exercise

P3 describe the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular skeletal system and energy systems

M2 explain the long-term
effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems

P4 describe the long-term
effects of exercise on the

cardiovascular and respiratory

systems

P5 collect physiological
data to investigate the

effects of exercise on the

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular,

respiratory and energy

systems, with tutor support

M3 collect physiological
data to investigate the

effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems, with

limited tutor support

D1 independently investigate
the physiological

effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems

P6 review physiological data
collected, describing the

effects of exercise on the

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular,

respiratory and energy systems.

M4 review physiological data
collected, explaining

the effects of exercise

on the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems.

D2 review physiological
data collected, analysing

the effects of exercise

on the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems.

Unit 2

Teaching Resource

Task 1

1 Know the body’s response to acute exercise

Musculoskeletal response: increased blood supply; increase in muscle pliability; increased range of movement; muscle fibre micro tears

Energy systems: phosphocreatine; lactic acid; aerobic; energy continuum; energy requirements of different sport and exercise activities

Cardiovascular response: heart rate anticipatory response; activity response; increased blood pressure; vasoconstriction; vasodilation

Respiratory: increase in breathing rate (neural and chemical control); increased tidal volume

Grading Criteria for assessment of Task 1

P1 describe the musculoskeletal
and energy systems response

to acute exercise

M1 explain the response
of the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular and respiratory

systems to acute exercise

P2 describe the cardiovascular and
respiratory systems responses

to acute exercise

Assessment Assignment 2.1

Date set

Submission Date

Overview

Scenario

You are on work placement at a local gym. Your supervisor has asked you to put together a personal training plan for a client. However, before you do this she would like you to carry out a series of investigations to ensure that you fully understand the different body systems involved, how they work together during exercise and why they should be taken into account during fitness training and sports participation.

Activity 1

Understanding the initial responses of the body to exercise is important in a range of professions, for example, cardiologists, fitness consultants and personal trainers. To be able to work effectively in the sport and exercise industry you need to have a good understanding of how the body reacts to exercise. This will enable you to plan the intensity level of exercise or training for the people that you work with.

Your supervisor has asked you to investigate the initial responses of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to exercise. In the investigation you will first need to record the resting heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure of your participants, using the table below. These three readings should also be monitored during the exercises you have devised. The results taken during exercise can then be compared to the initial resting levels you have recorded and a report written explaining what the results mean.

The body’s responses to acute exercise are as follows.

Musculoskeletal response: increased blood supply; increase in muscle pliability; increased range of movement; muscle fi bre micro tears.

Energy systems: phosphocreatine; lactic acid; aerobic; energy continuum; energy requirements of different sport and exercise activities.

Cardiovascular response: heart rate anticipatory response; activity response; increased blood pressure; vasoconstriction; vasodilation.

Respiratory response: increase in breathing rate (neural and chemical control); increased tidal volume.

After you have collated the data using the table below Describe the cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to acute exercise (P2).

Phase of session

Resting pulse rate Breathing rate Blood pressure
Pre – exercise

Warm – up completion
5 – 10 minutes

10 – 15 minutes

15 – 20 minutes

20 – 25 minutes

25 – 30 minutes

Activity 2

Your supervisor would now like you to Describe the musculoskeletal and energy systems responses to acute exercise (P1).

Activity 3

Explain the response of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems to acute exercise (M1).

Hint

For P1, learners need to describe the responses of the musculoskeletal and energy systems to a single bout of exercise. They will need to include how muscle responds to exercise including the increased blood supply and also the effects of resistance exercises which includes micro tears. Each of the energy systems should be described and their contribution to exercise as the exercise bout continues over a period of around 30 minutes.

For P2, learners need to describe how the cardiovascular and respiratory systems respond to a single bout of exercise. This should also include the pre-exercise effects which occur in the heart. Learners should explore the effects over an exercise period of around 30 minutes so that steady state has been attained.

For M1, learners need to explain the responses of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems to a single bout of exercise. They will need to include how muscle responds to exercise including the increased blood supply and also the effects of resistance exercises which includes micro tears. Cardiovascular and respiratory responses should be explained; learners should give reasons and provide the physiological evidence to clearly support their explanation.

Grading Criteria

This assignment will assess P1, P2 and M1.

Describe the musculoskeletal and energy systems responses to acute exercise

Describe the cardiovascular and respiratory systems responses to acute exercise

Explain the response of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems to acute exercise

Useful Resources

Barker R et al — BTEC National Sport: Sports Development and Fitness Options

(Heinemann, 2004)

Dalgleish J et al — The Health & Fitness Handbook (Longman, 2001)

Heyward V — Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (Human

Kinetics, 2006)

Honeybourne J — BTEC National Sport (Nelson Thornes, 2004)

Lawrence M — The Complete Guide to Core Stability (A and C Black, 2003)

Sharkey B and Gaskill E — Fitness and Health (Human Kinetics, 2006)

British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences www.bases.org.uk

Human Kinetics www.humankinetics.com

Top End Sports www.topendsports.com

Task 2

2 Know the long-term effects of exercise on the body systems

Skeletal system: increase in bone calcium stores; increased stretch in ligaments; increased thickness of hyaline cartilage; increased production of synovial fluid

Respiratory system: increased vital capacity; increase in minute ventilation; increased strength of respiratory muscles; increase in oxygen diffusion rate

Energy systems: increased aerobic and anaerobic enzymes; increased use of fats as an energy source

Grading Criteria for assessment of Task 2

P3 describe the long-term
effects of exercise on the

musculoskeletal system and

energy systems

P4 describe the long-term
effects of exercise on the

cardiovascular and respiratory

systems

M2 explain the long-term
effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems

Assessment Assignment 2.2

Date set

Submission Date

Overview

Scenario

Understanding the adaptations to training is important in a range of professions, for example, fitness consultants and personal trainers. To be able to work effectively in the sport and exercise industry you need to have a good understanding of how the body adapts to the training that you have prescribed. An understanding of the adaptations to training will enable you to plan how long a sports person may need to train to reach their goal.

Activity 1

Your supervisor would like you to produce a summary sheet Describing the long-term effects of exercise on the Muscular skeletal and energy systems (P3).

Activity 2

You have now been asked by your supervisor to produce a summary sheet Describing the long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (P4).

Activity 3

Finally your supervisor would like you to Explain the long–term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems (M2).

Hint

For P3, learners need to describe the adaptations of the musculoskeletal system and energy systems to long-term exercise such as a six-week training programme.

For P4, learners need to describe the adaptations of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to long-term exercise such as a six-week training programme.

For M2, learners need to explain the adaptations of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems to long-term exercise such as a six-week training programme.

Grading Criteria

This assignment will assess P3, P4 and M2.

Describe the long-term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Explain the long–term effects of exercise on the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory and energy systems

Useful Resources

Barker R et al — BTEC National Sport: Sports Development and Fitness Options

(Heinemann, 2004)

Dalgleish J et al — The Health & Fitness Handbook (Longman, 2001)

Heyward V — Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription (Human

Kinetics, 2006)

Honeybourne J — BTEC National Sport (Nelson Thornes, 2004)

Lawrence M — The Complete Guide to Core Stability (A and C Black, 2003)

Sharkey B and Gaskill E — Fitness and Health (Human Kinetics, 2006)

British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences www.bases.org.uk

Human Kinetics www.humankinetics.com

Top End Sports www.topendsports.com

Task 3

3 Be able to investigate the physiological effects of exercise on the body systems

Types of exercise: eg aerobic, resistance, circuit, interval

Grading Criteria for assessment of Task 3

P5 collect physiological
data to investigate the

effects of exercise on the

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular,

respiratory and energy

systems, with tutor support

M3 collect physiological
data to investigate the

effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems, with

limited tutor support

D1 independently investigate
the physiological

effects of exercise on

the musculoskeletal,

cardiovascular, respiratory

and energy systems

P6 review physiological data
collected, describing the

effects of exercise on the

musculoskeletal, cardiovascular,

respiratory and energy systems.

describe the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular skeletal system and energy systems

describe how nerve deafness occurs and how a cochlear implant works.

Analyze the anatomy of Stuxnet and how it was able to damage Iran’s SCADA systems.

describe the long-term effects of exercise on the muscular skeletal system and energy systems