NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

The Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) is an advanced practice registered nurse trained to provide a wide range of mental health services to patients and families in a variety of settings. PMHNPs diagnose, conduct therapy, and prescribe medications for patients who have psychiatric disorders, medical organic brain disorders, or substance abuse problems. They are licensed to provide emergency psychiatric services, conduct psychosocial and physical assessment of their patients, develop and manage treatment plans, and provide ongoing manage patient care. They may also serve as consultants or as educators for families and staff. The PMHNP has a focus on making a psychiatric diagnosis, differentiates between medical disorders with psychiatric symptoms, and orders appropriate medications to treat various psychiatric disorders. A PMHNP can often practice autonomously, depending on state licensure laws. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

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NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Course Readings
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American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Bui, Q. (2012). Antidepressants for agitation and psychosis in patients with dementia. American Family Physician, 85(1), 20-22.

Crocker, A. G., Prokić, A., Morin, D., & Reyes, A. (2014). Intellectual disability and co-occurring mental health and physical disorders in aggressive behaviour. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 58(11), 1032-1044.

Erickson, S. C., Le, L., Zakharyan, A., Stockl, K. M., Harada, A. M., Borson, S., & … Curtis, B. (2012). New-onset treatment-dependent diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia associated with atypical antipsychotic use in older adults without schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(3), 474-479. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Howland, R. H. (2008). Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D). Part 1: Study design. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(9), 21-24.

Howland, R. H. (2008). Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D). Part 2: Study outcomes. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 46(10), 21-24.

Hulvershorn, L. A., Schroeder, K. M., Wink, L. K., Erickson, C. A., & McDougle, C. J. (2015). Psychopharmacologic treatment of children prenatally exposed to drugs of abuse. Human Psychopharmacology, 30(3), 164-172.

Malhotra, A. K., Zhang, J., & Lencz, T. (2012). Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: Translating research into clinical practice. Molecular Psychiatry, 17(8), 760-769.

Naber, D., & Lambert, M. (2009). The CATIE and CUtLASS studies in schizophrenia: Results and implications for clinicians. CNS Drugs, 23(8), 649-659.

Rao, U. (2013). Biomarkers in pediatric depression. Depression & Anxiety, 30(9), 787-791.

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Please use the link provided directly in your classroom for all content from this resource.

Strawn, J. R., Wehry, A. M., DelBello, M. P., Rynn, M. A., & Strakowski, S. (2012). Establishing the neurobiologic basis of treatment in children and adolescents w

Vitiello, B. (2013). How effective are the current treatments for children diagnosed with manic/mixed bipolar disorder? CNS Drugs, 27(5), 331-333. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Case Study 5 week 7

Type of document Case Study

5 Pages Double Spaced (approx 275 words per page)

Subject area Pharmacology

Academic Level Master

Style APA

Number of sources/references 4

Order description:

I will upload the case study and make sure to answer all questions and bullet points please and use resources and references that are less than 5 years old. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

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NURS 6630: Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology

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Week 2

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Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Week 8

Week 9

Week 10

Week 11

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A man appears to be tossing and turning, unable to sleep.

Week 7: Therapy for Clients With Pain and Sleep/Wake Disorders

From negative changes in mood to problems concentrating, pain and sleep/wake disorders can have a tremendous impact on clients’ lives. When clients suffer from these disorders, they often seek medical care with the intent of receiving medications to manage symptoms. However, many of the medications used to treat pain and sleep/wake disorders may be addictive, making thorough client assessments and close follow-up care essential. To prescribe appropriate therapies with client safety in mind, you must understand not only the pathophysiology of these disorders, but also the pharmacologic agents used to treat them. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

This week, as you study therapies for individuals with pain and sleep/wake disorders, you examine the assessment and treatment of clients with these disorders. You also explore ethical and legal implications of these therapies.

Photo Credit: [riskms]/[iStock / Getty Images Plus]/Getty Images

Discussion: Sleep/Wake Disorders

It is not uncommon to experience a night or two of disrupted sleep when there is something major going on in your life. However, sleep/wake disorders are much more than an occasional night of disrupted sleep. A recent report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that between 50 and 70 million American have problems with sleep/wake disorders (CDC, 2015). Although the vast majority of Americans will visit their primary care provider for treatment of these disorders, many providers will refer patients for further evaluation. For this Discussion, you consider how you might assess and treat the individuals based on the provided client factors. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Assess client factors and history to develop personalized therapy plans for clients with sleep/wake disorders

Analyze factors that influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in clients requiring therapy for sleep/wake disorders

Evaluate efficacy of treatment plans for clients presenting for sleep/wake therapy

Apply knowledge of providing care to adult and geriatric clients presenting for sleep/wake disorders

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.

Chapter 11, “Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness and Their Treatment”

Stahl, S. M. (2014b). The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

Review the following medications:

For insomnia

alprazolam

amitriptyline

amoxapine

clomipramine

clonazepam

desipramine

diazepam

doxepin

flunitrazepam

flurazepam

hydroxyzine

imipramine

lorazepam

nortriptyline

ramelteon

temazepam

trazodone

triazolam

trimipramine

zaleplon

zolpidem

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

Note: Retrieved from Walden Library databases. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Davidson, J. (2016). Pharmacotherapy of post-traumatic stress disorder: Going beyond the guidelines. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2(6), e16-e18. doi:10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.003707. Retrieved from http://bjpo.rcpsych.org/content/2/6/e16

To prepare for this Discussion:

Note: By Day 1 of this week, your Instructor will have assigned you to one of the following case studies to review for this Discussion. To access the following case studies, click on the Case Studies tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate volume and case number.

Case 1: Volume 2, Case #16: The woman who liked late-night TV

Case 2: Volume 2, Case #11: The figment of a man who looked upon the lady

Case 3: Volume 1, Case #5: The sleepy woman with anxiety

Review this week’s Learning Resources and reflect on the insights they provide.

Go to the Stahl Online website and examine the case study you were assigned.

Take the pretest for the case study.

Review the patient intake documentation, psychiatric history, patient file, medication history, etc. As you progress through each section, formulate a list of questions that you might ask the patient if he or she were in your office.

Based on the patient’s case history, consider other people in his or her life that you would need to speak to or get feedback from (i.e., family members, teachers, nursing home aides, etc.).

Consider whether any additional physical exams or diagnostic testing may be necessary for the patient.

Develop a differential diagnoses for the patient. Refer to the DSM-5 in this week’s Learning Resources for guidance.

Review the patient’s past and current medications. Refer to Stahl’s Prescriber’s Guide and consider medications you might select for this patient. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Review the posttest for the case study.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

By Day 3

Post a response to the following:

Provide the case number in the subject line of the Discussion.

List three questions you might ask the patient if he or she were in your office. Provide a rationale for why you might ask these questions.

Identify people in the patient’s life you would need to speak to or get feedback from to further assess the patient’s situation. Include specific questions you might ask these people and why.

Explain what physical exams and diagnostic tests would be appropriate for the patient and how the results would be used.

List three differential diagnoses for the patient. Identify the one that you think is most likely and explain why.

List two pharmacologic agents and their dosing that would be appropriate for the patient’s sleep/wake therapy based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. From a mechanism of action perspective, provide a rationale for why you might choose one agent over the other.

If your assigned case includes “check points” (i.e., follow-up data at week 4, 8, 12, etc.), indicate any therapeutic changes that you might make based on the data provided.

Explain “lessons learned” from this case study, including how you might apply this case to your own practice when providing care to patients with similar clinical presentations. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Resources

Learning Resources

Note: To access this week’s required library resources, please click on the link to the Course Readings List, found in the Course Materials section of your Syllabus.

Required Readings

Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using this link. This link will take you to a log-in page for the Walden Library. Once you log into the library, the Stahl website will appear.

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access the following chapters, click on the Essential Psychopharmacology, 4th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate chapter. Be sure to read all sections on the left navigation bar for each chapter.

Chapter 11, “Disorders of Sleep and Wakefulness and Their Treatment”

Stahl, S. M. (2014b). The prescriber’s guide (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th ed tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Review the following medications:

For insomnia

alprazolam

amitriptyline

amoxapine

clomipramine

clonazepam

desipramine

diazepam

doxepin

flunitrazepam

flurazepam

hydroxyzine

imipramine

lorazepam

nortriptyline

ramelteon

temazepam

trazodone

triazolam

trimipramine

zaleplon

zolpidem

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

The Psychiatric and Mental Health Nurse Practitioner (PMHNP) is an advanced practice registered nurse trained to provide a wide range of mental health services to patients and families in a variety of settings. PMHNPs diagnose, conduct therapy, and prescribe medications for patients who have psychiatric disorders, medical organic brain disorders, or substance abuse problems. They are licensed to provide emergency psychiatric services, conduct psychosocial and physical assessment of their patients, develop and manage treatment plans, and provide ongoing manage patient care. They may also serve as consultants or as educators for families and staff. The PMHNP has a focus on making a psychiatric diagnosis, differentiates between medical disorders with psychiatric symptoms, and orders appropriate medications to treat various psychiatric disorders. A PMHNP can often practice autonomously, depending on state licensure laws. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

At times, psychotherapy is not enough to alleviate the emotional difficulties that some patients face. To that end, psychopharmacologic approaches are needed. Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNPs) must have a strong basis in psychopharmacology, extending from a prior education in pharmacology, to make appropriate medication choices for their patients. Learners in this course consider psychopharmacologic approaches to major mental health disorders including but not limited to major depressive disorders, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, as well as psychotic disorders. Learners explore key considerations associated with medication selection, monitoring of efficacy, and long-term management. NURS – 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology

Course Prerequisites

PMHNP Program Core Coures & NURS-6521

Course Outcomes

By the end of this course, students will:

1. Evaluate foundational neuroscience as it relates to caring for clients with psychiatric disorders across the lifespan
2. Assess mechanisms of action of medications used to treat a variety of psychiatric conditions
3. Compare evidence-based practices to select appropriate psychopharmacologic agents
4. Synthesize pathophysiology and health assessment concepts in the psychopharmacologic treatment of psychiatric mental health disorders
5. Evaluate ethical and legal implications of prescribing psychotropic medications across the lifespan
6. Evaluate the efficacy and adverse reactions of psychotropic medications
7. Recommend strategies to become a social change agent for individuals with psychiatric mental health issues. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay

Developmental psychopathology is a complex approach to studying childhood problems and atypical development, in the context of human development. There are many issues in defining and classifying abnormality, such as different levels of intensity of the problem. It is possible the child could outgrow the symptoms, this could be a phase the child is going through, for example being in a new environment as this can affect children more than it may affect adults. Another problem with defining and classifying abnormality is the parental views of the behaviour, it needs to be established if the child’s parents and parents of other children with similar behaviour have the same views of the behaviour. It needs to be considered if treatment could prevent the child growing up to be abnormal and reduce the likelihood of problems later on in life. The affects of being labelled as abnormal for the child can affect children differently. To overcome these problems a model was required, which considered biological, psychological and social factors. The developmental psychopathology approach is a multidisciplinary, and therefore fulfilling the criteria. Developmental psychopathology uses the dimensional approach, which focuses on a range of behaviours rather than a diagnostic classification. Whether the behaviour is a problem is dependant upon the age of the child, as it is necessary to take into account the age related changes children go through. This is needed to consider what is normal and adaptive, as some behaviour can be normal at one age but may be seen as a problem at another (Hudziak et al., 2007). However some children may develop certain skills later than other children of the same age, what is important is the child develops the skills properly rather than when they are developed. The perception of the child’s level of cognitive development will need to be taken into consideration because it will lead to how the behaviour is perceived, interpreted and labelled by adults. It must be known what is normal development and the stages of development before atypical development can be diagnosed. Atypical development can occur at any stage of development with different problems at different ages. NURS 6630 – Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology Essay