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Examine how the circulatory system and respiratory system interact to maintain pH and oxygen levels.

Physiological Processes and the Human Body This module will review the biological processes of the human body. The body’s control systems must work together in order for a human to survive. This module will explore the body’s circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems, as well as its nervous and endocrine systems. In addition, you will discover the body’s ability to evaluate sensory input, and you will learn the anatomy of sensory organs. Also, this module will provide an in-depth study of human reproduction, sex, and sexuality. A person’s sexuality includes the structure and function of the sex organs, sexual behavior, and the ways in which culture influences sexual behavior. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this module, you should be able to:
12A Explain why a strongly pumping heart, open arteries, and veins are essential to good health.
12B Examine the function of breathing to oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
12C Describe how the processes of breathing, circulation, and exercise are interrelated.
12D State the role of various organs of the digestive system in the enzymatic, mechanical, and chemical digestion of foods.
12E Describe the functions of the liver that are related to digestion.
12F Identify how the kidneys regulate the salt and water content of the body.
12G Examine how the circulatory system and respiratory system interact to maintain pH and oxygen levels.
12H Identify the kinds of environmental changes to which the various sense organs respond.
13A Explain why a particular hormone affects only certain tissues.
13B State how nerve cells carry information from one place to another.
13C Describe the ionic events that take place at the nerve cell membrane and at the synapse.
13D Examine the molecular events that cause muscle contraction.
13E Explain why damage to a particular part of the brain affects a specific sensory or motor ability.
14A Distinguish among the immune mechanisms.
14B Differentiate between T and B cells.
14C Describe autoimmune diseases.
15A State the role played by each component of both the male and female reproductive system components.
15B Examine how the expression of sexuality varies among individuals.
15C Describe some aspects of sexual behavior that are strongly influenced by culture and other that may be hereditary.Module 8 Reading Assignment Enger, E. D., Ross, F. C., & Bailey, D. B. (2012). Concepts in biology (14th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Chapters 24, 26, and 27. Optional Reading Assignment: Chapter 25, Nutrition: Food and Diet. Physiological Processes and the Human Body There are ten systems that work together to help our bodies function correctly. It is truly amazing that our bodies are so complex with so many systems, but we still go on with our days not really thinking about the details. In this module, we will be taking a closer look into each body system. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, arteries, and veins. The main part of the circulatory system is the heart. The heart pumps blood through a network of veins and arteries to carry nutrients and oxygen to the rest of the body. If the heart did not pump the oxygen and nutrients to the rest of the body, the other organ systems would not function properly. The major job of the arteries is to carry the oxygen and nutrient-rich blood away from the heart to other parts of our body while the veins are responsible for transporting the oxygen-poor blood. Without the blood stream delivering the proper nutrients to our organs, the body would not have anything to digest and process for energy. The digestive system contains several parts which include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The process of digestion begins as the saliva breaks down the food in the oral cavity. As the food is broken down, it travels through the esophagus into your stomach, where gastric juices process and break down the food further. The particles then move into the intestines where the nutrients are extracted through the intestinal walls through small blood vessels. This is the point that the nutrients enter the blood stream to be distributed to the rest of the body. The next system that monitors all of our glands is the endocrine system. The endocrine system is responsible for the production and distribution of all hormones contained within the body. After production, the hormones are transported throughout our body via the blood system. Hormones have a major influence on our reproductive, digestive, and skeletal systems. A few examples of some major glands are the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands. The lymphatic system is responsible for starting the immune response that stops foreign bodies that try to invade the body. The primary part of the lymphatic system is composed of the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes are responsible for creating white blood cells to help stop the invading bodies by moving through the blood stream. As the lymphatic system captures the foreign bodies, it will drain the infection by reducing the amount of fluid in the body during an illness to reduce swelling. The muscle system is made up of three main muscle types, which are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle allows your body to have motion to perform daily activities. Smooth muscle makes up part of the organ system that allows our bodies to function. The cardiac muscle forms the heart, which pumps blood through the body. The nervous system is an amazing system that allows you to feel sensations through nerve endings at the tips of your fingers and throughout your body. The components of the nervous system are composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from our body and then relays these messages to the brain via the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves sending messages to and from the brain and spinal cord. The autonomic nervous system maintains the involuntary organs so that they continue to function. Oxygen is vital to our survival and the process in which our bodies exchange oxygen (O2) with carbon dioxide (CO2) is the process of respiration. The main components of the respiratory system are the nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. When we breathe in fresh air, it enters the nose then travels through the trachea into the lungs and is exchanged for CO2. Then, the lungs extract the O2 from the air and send it to the blood stream to circulate. When the blood passes through the body, it picks up the CO2, carries it back to the lungs, and we exhale it from our bodies. The skeletal system provides us with the ability to move and provides important protection for our delicate organs such as our brain, heart, and lungs. Our bone marrow is also produced within the bones, which produces new red and white blood cells. If we did not have the skeletal system, then we would not have the ability to move at all. The urinary system is made up of the bladder, kidneys, and urethra. The urinary system is responsible for the elimination of waste products produced by our body. The waste products are deposited into the blood, which are then filtered by the kidneys. The waste is then moved from the kidneys to the bladder, where it then is combined with water to create urine. When we urinate, we transfer all of the toxins and waste out of the body. The Reproductive system is the only system that is vastly different, based on whether you are male or female. The male reproductive system consist of the testes (which produce sperm), ductus deferens (through which the sperm travel), and the prostate gland (which provides food for the sperm upon ejaculation). The female reproductive system is composed of the ovaries (which produce the eggs), the fallopian tubes (where fertilization takes place), and the uterus (where the egg is implanted).